UPSCPORTAL : "(Online Course) History for IAS Mains: Period of Mahajanapadas - Role of Iron" plus 5 more

(Online Course) History for IAS Mains: Period of Mahajanapadas - Role of Iron
Today's Important News: 01 August 2012
(Online Course) History for IAS Mains: Aryans and Vedic Period - Expansions of Aryans in India
(Online Course) Pub Ad for IAS Mains: Chapter: 3 Administrative Behavior - Theories of Leadership (Paper -1)
(Time Table) UPSC : Civil Services (Main) Examination, 2012
(Online Course) GS Concepts : Mordern Indian History - Towards Partition and Independence

(Online Course) History for IAS Mains: Period of Mahajanapadas - Role of Iron

Posted: 01 Aug 2012 04:47 AM PDT

Period of Mahajanapadas

Topic: Role of Iron

Question : Role of Iron.

Answer: The evaluation of role of iron in second urbanisation appears to be a controversial issue. According to one view the wide agrarian surplus prepared the basis for second urbanisation. Initially it was supposed that, this agrarian surplus and the control over it was linked to the control over irrigation projects under a hydraulic state, but later this agrarian surplus started to be linked to the use of iron implements in the field of agriculture. According to this view, in 6th century BC onwards, agriculture expanded in middle Gangetic basin. With the use of iron implements clearing of forests and expansion in cultivation became easier. Some agrarian implements like sickles, hoes, axes etc. were to be associated with this period: Then from the later stage of Jakhera we have unearthed even an iron ploughshare. As we know with the use of iron implements, there was extension in agriable land in-middle

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Today's Important News: 01 August 2012

Posted: 01 Aug 2012 04:41 AM PDT

Today's Important News (01-08-2012)

The Hindu

National:

International:

India & The World:

'Lashkar may derail India-Pak progress'

Business News:

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(Online Course) History for IAS Mains: Aryans and Vedic Period - Expansions of Aryans in India

Posted: 01 Aug 2012 04:38 AM PDT

Aryans and Vedic Period

Topic: Expansions of Aryans in India.

Question : Throw light on geographical expansion of Vedic Aryans?

Answer: Vedic Aryans gradually expanded to eastward direction during Rig-Veda phase. They settled in region between eastern Afghanistan and western U.P. but upto later Vedic they settled in upper Gangetic basin. It is an the basis of Vedic literature as well as PGW sites, we come to know about the geographical expansion of Vedic Aryans.

It is on the basis of Authority of Rig-Veda we find general description about the region of the Rig-Vedic Aryans. The Rig Veda gives reference to 42 rivers among them 19 has been described. It is on the basis of the geographical location of the rivers we can described about the geographical location of Vedic Aryans. As well as Rig-Veda mention about western tributary to the river Indus. These were Subasto (swat). Susma (sohan),

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(Online Course) Pub Ad for IAS Mains: Chapter: 3 Administrative Behavior - Theories of Leadership (Paper -1)

Posted: 01 Aug 2012 03:53 AM PDT

Paper - 1
Chapter: 3 (Administrative Behavior)

Theories of Leadership

A successful organization has some major attributes that set it apart from an unsuccessful organization: dynamic and effective leadership. The success of every organization is depending upon the quality of its leadership. A business organization can take up several tasks such as determining the subjective of the enterprises designing the methods to achieve them; directing and coordinating the activities of various departments, etc. can be successfully performed only if there is an able leader.

G.R. Terry says, "The will to do is triggered by leadership and lukewarm desires for achievement are transformed into burning passion for successful accomplishment by the skilful use of leadership".

Stodgily observes there are almost as many definition of leadership as there are people who had tried to define it; but leadership is too complex and too variable a phenomenon to be captured in any definition.

Peter Ducker defines, "Leadership is the lifting of man's visions to higher standard, the building of man's personality beyond its normal limitations".

Alford and Beatty define leadership "as the ability to secure desirable actions from a group of followers voluntarily without the use of coercion."

Keith Davis - Leadership is the ability to persuade others to seek defined objectives, enthusiastically. It is the human factor, which binds a group together and motivates it toward goals.

Koontz and Weihricj - leadership is defined as the influence the art or process of influencing people so that they will strive willingly and enthusiastically toward the achievement of group goals. Leaders act to help a group attain objectives through the maximum application of its capabilities. They do not stand behind a group to push and prod; they place themselves before the group as they facilitate progress and inspire the group to accomplish organisational goals."

Ingredients of leadership

Leaders envision the future; they inspire organization members and chart the course of organization. Chrysler's Lee Iacocca and General Electric's Jack Welch have provided a vision - leaders must instill values whether it is concern for quality, honesty, and calculated risk taking or for employees and customers.
Every group of people that performs near its total capacity has some person as its head who is skilled in the art of leadership. This skill seems to be a compound at least four major ingredients:

the ability to use power effectively and in a responsible manner,
the ability to comprehend that human beings have different motivation forces at different times and in different situations,
the ability to inspire, and
the ability to act in a manner that will depend a climate conducive to responding to and arousing motivations.

The first ingredient of leadership is power the nature of power and the differences between power and the authority, how he/she performs. The second ingredient of leadership is a Fundamental understanding of people. To understand the motivation forces, nature and systems of motivation but most important is to apply this knowledge to people and situations. The third ingredient is the rare ability to inspire followers to apply their full capabilities to a project. While the use of motivators seems to center to subordinates and their needs, inspiration also comes from group heads. They may have qualities of charm and appeal that give rise to loyalty, devotion and a strong desire on the part. of followers to promote what leaders want. It is a matter of people giving unselfish support to a chosen champion.

The last ingredient of leadership has to do with the style of the leader and the climate he/she develops. Awareness of expectancies perceived rewards, the amount of effort believed to be required, the task to be done etc., have lead to a considerable research on leadership behaviour. The primary tasks of managers are the design and maintenance of an environment for performance.

Need for Leadership

Daniel Katz and Robert Kahn give the following reasons for need for leadership.

The incompleteness of formed organisational design: The formal organization is generally incomplete and imperfect. Its voids are generally filled by informal organisation. As a consequence the 'real' organisation widely differs from the 'formal' organisation. Leadership is needed to compensate for the weakness inherent in these formal designs.

Changing environment conditions: Technological, legal, cultural and many other kinds of changes necessities corresponding changes to be brought about in the organisation by leader.
The internal dynamics of the organisation: As organisation grows new complexities of structure are created, new needs for coordination arise and new policies must be invented.
The nature of human membership in organization: Human membership in an organization is segmental in nature. This means that the behavior of a person on the job is in part determined by several such forces, which are external to the organisation.
Over these forces the organization has no control. A leader is needed to introduce such characteristics.

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(Time Table) UPSC : Civil Services (Main) Examination, 2012

Posted: 01 Aug 2012 01:44 AM PDT

Union Public Service Commission

Time Table For Civil Services (Main) Examination, 2012

Study Kits for IAS Mains 2012.

Books for Civil Services Examinations

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Date/Day	Forenoon Session 9.00 A.M. to 12.00 P.M.	Afternoon Session 2.00 P.M. to 5.00 P.M
05.10.2012 (Friday)	General Studies Paper-I	General Studies Paper-II
06.10.2012 (Saturday)	Essay	English
07.10.2012 (Sunday)	Indian Language {Assamese/Bengali/Bodo/Dogri/ Gujarati/Hindi/Kannada/Kashmiri/ Konkani/Maithili/Malayalam/ Manipuri/Marathi/Nepali/Oriya/ Punjabi/Sanskrit/Santali/Sindhi (Devanagari/Arabic Script)/Tamil/ Telugu/Urdu}	----
09.10.2012 (Tuesday)	Political Science & International Relations Paper-I/ Public Administration Paper-I	Political Science & International Relations Paper-II/ Public Administration Paper-II
10.10.2012 (Wednesday)	Geography Paper-I	Geography Paper-II
11.10.2012 (Thursday)	History Paper-I	History Paper-II
(Online Course) GS Concepts : Mordern Indian History - Towards Partition and Independence Posted: 01 Aug 2012 01:01 AM PDT Subject : Modern Indian History Chapter : THE NATIONAL MOVEMENTS IN 1940s Topic: Towards Partition and Independence Question : Briefly discuss the Wavells plan and Shimla Conference. Answer: Lord Wavells succeeded Lord Linlithgow as Governor General in October 1943, when the people were in the grip of a grave economic crisis : scarcity of essential commodities, increasing cost of living and Great Famine in Bengal. Politically the country was much more divided than it was when Linlithgow had taken charge (April 1936). The history of his long Viceroyalty was 'a cumbersome record of frustration and futility'. Linlithgow bequeathed to his successor 'an unenviable legacy'. By the middle of 1945, the War was approaching its end, but was still continuing in the East against Japan. To break the political deadlock in India, since the resignation of the Congress ministries in 1939, Wavell announced a new plan, through a Radio Broadcast. Main features of the Wavell Plan were: to ease the political situation and to advance India towards her goal of self-government, to set up a new Executive Council which would be entirely Indian except for the Viceroy and the Commander-in-chief, caste Hindus and Muslims would have equal representation in the executive council, the executive council would work like a provisional national government, Dear Candidate, This Material is from General Studies Mains Study Kit for Civil Services Main Examinations. For Details Click Here read more © 2012 www.upscportal.com Study Kits for IAS Mains 2012. Books for Civil Services Examinations Get Your Dream Job. SUBMIT YOUR RESUME Online.

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Wednesday, 1 August 2012