| Today's Important News: 08 December 2011 Posted: 08 Dec 2011 03:52 AM PST |
| (IGP) IAS Pre Paper - 2: GS - Logical Reasoning & Analytical Ability - Syllogism Posted: 08 Dec 2011 03:41 AM PST 
Logical Reasoning & Analytical Ability
Syllogism The word 'Syllogism' is also referred to 'Logic'. Syllogism is an important section of logical reasoning and hence, a working knowledge of its rules is required on the part of the candidate. Hence, it can be expressed as the 'Science of thought as expressed in language'. The questions based on syllogism can be solved by using Venn diagrams and some rules devised with the help of analytical ability. With this unique characteristic, this test becomes an instrument of teaching the candidates to follow the rules and work as per the instructions without an error. Here, only the basic concept and rules, which have a bearing on reasoning faculty could alone help. There are some terminology which are used in syllogism. Proposition: It is also referred to as 'Premises'. It is a sentence which asserts that either a part of, or the whole of, one sets of objects-the set identified by the subject term in the sentence expressing that sentence either is included in, or is excluded from, another set-the set identified by the predicate term in that sentence. Types of Proposition: Categorical Proposition There is relationship between the subject and the predicate without any condition. Example : I. All beams are logs.
II. No rod is stick. Hypothetical Proposition: There is relationship between subject and predicate which is asserted conditionally. Example : I. If it rains he will not come.
II. If he comes, I will accompany him. Disjunctive Proposition In a disjunctive proposition the assertion is of alteration. Example : I. Either he is brave or he is strong.
II. Either he is happy or he cannot take revenge. Parts of Proposition: It consists of four parts. -
Quantifier: In quantifier the words, 'all', 'no' and 'some' are used as they express quantity. 'All' and 'no' are universal quantifiers because they refer to every object in a certain set. And quantifier 'some' is a particular quantifier because it refers to at least one existing object in a certain set. - Subject: It is the word about which something is said.
- Predicate: It is the part of proposition which denotes which is affirmed or denied about the subject.
- Copula: It is the part of proposition which denotes the relation between the subject and predicate.
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| (IGP) IAS Pre Paper - 2: GS - General Mental Ability - Analogy Posted: 08 Dec 2011 03:31 AM PST 
General Mental Ability
Analogy Meaning of Analogy: Analogy means 'Similar items'. There is three types of Analogy
(a) Number Analogy
(b) Letter Analogy
(c) Word Analogy In questions based on analogy, a pair of numbers/letters/words is given that have certain relationship between them. This pair is followed by a third numbers/letters/words. The candidate is required to identify the relationship between the pair of numbers/letters/words given and find out the FOURTH numbers/letters/wore such that the relationship between the third and the fourth numbers/letters/words is similar to the relationship that exists between the first and the second numbers/letters/words. Number Analogy: Typical relationships between the numbers in a given pair can be any of the following : - One number is a multiple of the other.
- One number is the square or square root of the other.
- One number is the cube or cube root of the other.
- The two numbers can be consecutive, even, odd or prime numbers.
Example 1: 3 : 81 : : 6 : ?
(a) 1296
(b) 1269
(c) 1692
(d) 1926 Solution. (a) n : n4 relation here (3) and (3)4 = (81)
Similarly, (6) and (6)4 = 1296 Example 2: Find the missing term 10 : 100 : : ? : 121
(a) 10
(b) 11
(c) 12
(d) 13 Solution. (b) Square of first term is the second term.
102 = 100, so 112 = 121 Letter Analogy: The questions based on letter analogy are similar to number analogy. Here, the questions are based on the relationship between two groups of letters on each side of the sign : : . Normally, three pairs of letters are given followed by a question mark where the fourth pair of letters is supposed to come. Example 3 : Find the missing term : YWZX : USVT : : MKNL : ?
(a) IGGH
(b) IGJH
(c) IGJJ
(d) IGHH Solution. (b) Alphabets are used in reverse order. In the first term, the order of alphabet is 2, 4, 1 and 3 and in the second term, the order is 6, 8, 5 and 7. So, the missing term is IGJH. read more © 2011 www.upscportal.comINTEGRATED Guidance Programme for IAS 2012(CSAT):: CSAT Sample Papers :: Current Affairs | CSAT Syllabus | UPSC MAINS PAPERS Get Your Dream Job. SUBMIT YOUR RESUME Online. |
| (IGP) IAS Pre: GS - Indian History - Ancient India : The Harappan Civilization (MCQ - 2) Posted: 08 Dec 2011 01:25 AM PST |
| (IGP) IAS Pre: GS - Science and Technology - Biology - Cell (MCQ - 1) Posted: 08 Dec 2011 12:38 AM PST |
| (IGP) IAS Pre: GS - Science & Technology : Biology - Tissue Posted: 07 Dec 2011 11:59 PM PST 
Biology
Tissue Tissue is a cellular organizational level intermediate between cells and a complete organism. Hence a tissue is an ensemble of cells not necessarily identical, but fromthe same origin, that together carry out a specific function. Organs are then formed by the functional grouping together of multiple tissues. The study of tissue is known histology. ANIMAL TISSUE The structure of animal tissue is directly related to its function. Tissue is groups of cells with a basic structure and function. There are four types of tissues. TYPE OF ANIMAL TISSUE - Epithelial tissue
- Connective tissue
- Muscular tissue
- Nervous tissue.
EPITHETICAL TISSUE: It is a tissue that is made up of tightly packed cells. Without much materials with in these cells. The reasons for the tightly packed cells are to act as a barrier against mechanical injury, invading micro- rganisms and fluid loss. We can define epithetical tissue by considering two points in mind one is the number of cells layers and two the shape of the cells. (i) On the basis of cell layers (a) When an epitheliumhas a single layer of cells it is called a simple epithelium. (b) Where as a multiple tier of cells are known as stratified epithelium. (ii) On the basis of simple shape of cells: - Cuboidal : its occurrence is in kidney tubules, salivery glands, inner lining of the cheek. Its main function is to give mechanical strength.
- Columnar : its occurrence is in sweat gland, tear gland, salivary gland its main function is to gives mechanical strength concerned with secretions.
- Squamous : when it forms a living as that of blood vessels, it is called endothelium. Its main function is to protect the underlying parts from injury, entry of germs, etc.
- Connective tissue : its main function is to bind and support other tissues. They have sparse populations of cells scattered through an extra cellular matrix. This extra cellular matrix is a web of fibers that is woven in a homogeneous ground substance they can be liquid, solid, or jelly like. There are a few types of connective tissue.
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| (IGP) IAS Pre: GS - Geography- World Geography General: North America (MCQ -1) Posted: 07 Dec 2011 10:50 PM PST |
| (IGP) IAS Pre: GS - Geography - World Geography General: Middle America Posted: 07 Dec 2011 10:23 PM PST 
World Geography General
Middle America Introduction: Middle America consists of that stretch of land tt extends southward from the southern border of the United States to Colombia in South America. It includes:
(1) Mexico, the largest country in area and population;
(2) The small Central countries; and
3) Numerous islands, large and small in the Caribbean Sea or near it.  Central America: Introduction: South-east of Mexico, the North American continent tapers southwards through a narrow isthmus which connects North and South America and embraces seven small countries known collectively as Central America. Five of the countries Guatemala, Honduras, Costa Rica, Nicaragua and Panama have sea coast on both the sides— the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean (Caribbean Sea). The other two countries have coasts on the one side only. EL Salvador has coast on the Pacific side and Belize on the Atlantic side. Geographic fragmentation is the major characteristic of Central America.
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| (Notification) Karnataka PSC : Post of Social Welfare Warden of 282 Posts : Dec., 2011 Posted: 07 Dec 2011 09:58 PM PST |
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