Monday, 12 December 2011

www.UPSCPORTAL.com : "(IGP) IAS Pre: GS - Indian History - Ancient India : The Vedic (Part - 1)" plus 6 more

www.UPSCPORTAL.com : "(IGP) IAS Pre: GS - Indian History - Ancient India : The Vedic (Part - 1)" plus 6 more

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(IGP) IAS Pre: GS - Indian History - Ancient India : The Vedic (Part - 1)

Posted: 12 Dec 2011 03:26 AM PST


Ancient India
The Vedic (Part -1)

Rigvedic Period - l500-l000B.C

Later Vedic Period - 1000-600B.C

VEDIC PERIOD (IMPORTANT TERMS)

  • Akratuh — People who had no faith in rituals.
  • Anas — People who didn't have prominent nose
  • Apah — Water
  • Brahmin — Rituals
  • Dam - House
  • Dunitri — daughter
  • Gana - Tribal militia
  • Gavisti — war
  • Godhara — guest
  • Godhuli—evening
  • Gomat — a wealthy person
  • Gopa (Janasya) — the ruler
  • Gorasa-milk
  • Gosthi — meeting
  • Gotra- Cow pen
  • Gvayuti — measurement of distance
  • Mridhvaka — who were not adept in Vedic language
  • Panch Char Sanyah — Five wandering tribes.
  • Pani—people having cattle wealth (traders)
  • Parjanya — cloud
  • Purodasa — Materials used in Yajana
  • Rayi — Cattle wealth
  • Sadam - House
  • Sala — House
  • Sardha — Tribal militia
  • Sisandeva—Wroshippers of phallus symbol.
  • Vayadh — Costumes of a bride.
  • Vesmin — House
  • Vrata — people who hadnot a well established marriage system or who had incestuous relation.
  • Vrata - Tribal militia

Vedic Geography:

Adhavaryn Yajurveda
Anandaka Sadania
Brahma Atharva Veda
Champaran Champararanya
Chenab Askini
Delhi Indraprastha
Deobanda Dritvan
Ghaghar Drisdvasti
Hakra Sarswati
Haryn Saryn
Himalaya Himvanta
Hota Rigveda
Indus Sindhu
Jhelum Vilasta
Kabul Kubha
Magadha Kikatvan
Mithila Videh
Ravi, Parusani
Ritual Priests Vedas
Saran Nairnisheranya
Sutlej Satudri
'Udgata Sarnveda
Vyas Vipasa

Vedas and their branches:

Vedas Branches
Rigveda Sakal, Vaskal,
Asavala, Yan,
Sakhayan and
mandukeya
Samveda Kauthum and
Ranayaniaya
Yajurveda Madhyandin and
Kanva
Athar Veda Paiplad and Saunak

Rigveda:

Mandalas — Poets/Drasta

  1. Mandla - Gritsamada
  2. Mandla — Viswamiitra (Mandalas from, II to VII are called Family Text.)
  3. Mandla - Vamdeo
  4. Mandla — Atri
  5. Mandla— Bharadvaj
  6. Mandla —. Vasistha
  7. Mandla — Kand & Angirasa

The Word Arya means civilized one.

1 & 10 Mandalas were added later on.

References & Evidences,

1 Origin of Indian music Sam Veda
2 Mention of the word 'Sudra' Rig Veda (10th Mandala)
3 'Gayatri Mantra' Rig Veda
4 Mention of the word 'Gotra' Atharva Veda
5 Origin of kingship Aitareya Brahainma
6 'Soma', the intoxicating drink and the god who lends his name to the drink Rig Veda (9th Mandala)
7 Mention of the word 'Varna' Rig Veda
8 Four-fold division of society Rig Veda (10th Mandala)
9 Purusa Shukta Hymn Rig Veda
10 First three 'ashramas' (Brahmacharin, Grihastha, Vanaprastha) Chandogya Upanishad
11 Four ashrams (Brahma- charin, Grihastha, Vanaprastha, Samyasin) Jabla Upanishad
12 Doctrine of'Trimurti' Maitrayani Upanishad
13 Origin of the Universe Rig Veda (10th Mandala)
14 Mention of the 'Great Flood' Satpatha Brahamana
15 Samsara (Transmigration of soul) Brahadarankya Upanishad
16 Kshatriyas Precedence over Brahamanas Atreya Brahamana
17 Gamester's Lament Rig Veda
18 Vratyastoma Tandya-Maha- Brahmana
19 Division of India into five parts Aitreya Biahmana
20 Mention of the Divine Horse 'Dadhikara' Rig Veda
21 Sabha & Samiti as the twin daughters of Prajapati Atharva Veda
22 Baffle often kings between Sudan and Bhed for the water of Parnsni Rig Veda (VII Mandala)
23 Mention of the easten and western seas Satpatha Brahmana
24 Surdas as the servant of another to be expelled at will and to be slain at will Atreya Brahmana
25 Ganga Rig Veda (X, Mandala)
26 Sabha as Narishta Atharvaveda
27 Satya Meva Jayate Mundaka Upanishad

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Today's Important News: 12 December 2011

Posted: 12 Dec 2011 12:35 AM PST

Today's Important News: 11 December 2011

Posted: 12 Dec 2011 12:17 AM PST

(IGP) IAS Pre Paper - 2: GS - English Language & Comprehension Skills - Narration (Direct & Indirect) (MCQ - 1)

Posted: 11 Dec 2011 11:14 PM PST


English Language & Comprehension Skills
Narration (Direct and Indirect) (MCQ - 1)

Directions: Pick out the correct alternative that complete sentence which is changed into indirect narration.

1. The thief said to the policeman, "Why did you beat me so mercilessly?" The thief:
(a) asked the policeman why he had beaten him so mercilessly.
(b) said the policeman that why he had beaten him mercilessly.
(c) asked the policeman that why he had beaten him so mercilessly.
(d) None of these.

2. The saint said to me, "Why do you not go to the temple daily?" The saint:
(a) said to me that why I did not go to the temple daily.
(b) asked me that why I did not go to the temple daily.
(c) asked me that why I do not go to the temple daily.
(d) enquired of me why I did not go to the temple daily.


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(IGP) IAS Pre Paper - 2: GS - English Language & Comprehension Skills - Narration (Direct & Indirect)

Posted: 11 Dec 2011 10:45 PM PST


English Language & Comprehension Skills
Narration (Direct and Indirect)

In our speech, we often speak to the other person of some thing that was said to us by somebody. In other words, we often report a speech whether ours or someone else's. We do this in two ways. We either report the speech exactly as we had heard or said it without making any change. This is called Direct Speech.

Example: The girl said to her mother, "My plate is empty."

Or we may change the sentence that we had heard or said without changing its meaning and then report it. This is called Indirect Speech.

Example: The girl said to her mother that her plate was empty.

In the first example, the first part of the sentence which is before the comma, is referred to as reporting verb and the part which is within inverted commas is called the reported speech.

Note: While transforming from direct into indirect, we have made several changes in the sentence above :

  1. We have removed the comma in the indirect sentence and put that in its place.
  2. We have removed the inverted commas of the reported speech.
  3. We have changed the my of the reported speech into her.
  4. We have not used any capital letter in between the sentence unlike in the direct form where the reported speech always begins with a capital letter.

Now, in order to bring about these changes while converting from direct into indirect or vice-versa, there are several important but simple rules that need to be observed. They are :

1. Changes in Tense and Verb: While changing from direct to indirect we have to make different changes regarding tenses, verbs or helping verb. A short list is given below to have a look on those changes:

Change of Tenses
Direct Indirect
Present Indefinite Past Indefinite
Present Continuous Past Continuous
Present Perfect Past Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
Past Indefinite Past Perfect
Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
Past Perfect No change
Past Perfect Continuous No change

(a) If the reporting verb, i.e. the main verb in the first part of the sentence before comma is in the present or the future tense, the tense of the verbs in the reported speech will not change.

Examples:

  • Direct : Mummy says, "I shall write a letter."
  • Indirect : Mummy says that she will write a letter.

(b) If the reporting verb is in the past tense, the tense of the verbs in the reported speech will be changed into their corresponding past tense.

Examples:

  • Direct : The boy said to his friend. "I write everyday." (Present Indefinite)
  • Indirect : The boy said to his friend that he wrote everyday. (Past Indefinite)
  • Direct : The boy said to the teacher, "I am going there everyday." (Present Continuous)
  • Indirect : The boy said to the teacher that he was going there everyday. (Past Continuous)

(a) If the reporting verb is in the past tense, the simple past In the reported speech may become the past perfect in the Indirect.

Examples:

  • Direct : He said, "The horse died in the night." (Simple Past)
  • Indirect : He said that the horse had died in the night. (Past Perfect)
  • Direct : He said, "The man came at six." (Simple Past)
  • Indirect : He said that the man had come at six. (Past Perfect)

(b) If the reporting verb is in the past tense, the past continuous in the reported speech changes into the past perfect continuous.

Examples

  • Direct : He said, "The man was coming." (Past Continuous)
  • Indirect : He said that the man had been coming. (Past Perfect Continuous)
  • Direct : He said, "Rain was falling yesterday." (Past Continuous)
  • Indirect : He said that rain had been failing the previous day. (Past Perfect Continuous)

3. Change of person: The persons of the pronouns and of the verbs In the reported speech undergo changes when converted Into indirect form. Thus :

(a) First person pronouns in the direct reporter speech change according to the subject of the reporting verb. The other changes are given in the table below :

Direct Indirect
Ram said I Ram said that he
" we " they
" my " his
  • Direct : He says, "I am going to Delhi.
  • Indirect : He says that he is going to Delhi.
  • Direct : Mummy says, "I will have to go."`
  • Indirect : Mummy says that she will have to go.

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(IGP) IAS Pre Paper - 2: GS - Basic Numeracy - Indices & Surds

Posted: 11 Dec 2011 09:47 PM PST


Basic Numeracy
Indices & Surds

In our day-to-day life, we get plenty of data in form of powers of numbers. To have a feeling of what they measure we need to have an exact idea of indices and surds. There may be some kit items in CSAT, specifically designed to test proficiency of candidates in indices and surds.

Indices:

In the expression Xn, n is called the exponent or index and x is called the base and Xn is read as 'x to the power of n' or 'x raised to the power n'.

eg,

1. 36 = 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 = 729
43 = 4 × 4 × 4 = 64


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(IGP) IAS Pre Paper - 2: GS - Basic Numeracy - Fractions

Posted: 11 Dec 2011 09:37 PM PST


Basic Numeracy
Fractions

A fraction is a part of the whole (object, thing, region). It forms the part of basic aptitude of a person to have and idea of the parts of a population, group or territory. Civil servants must have a feel of 'fractional' thinking. eg,

5/12 , here '12' is the number of equal part into which the whole has been divided, is called denominator and '5' is the number of equal parts which have been taken out, is called numerator.

Example1: Name the numerator of 3/7 and denominator of 5/13.

Solution: Numerator of 3/7 is 3.

Denominator of 5/13 is 13.

Lowest Term of a Fraction:

Dividing the numerator and denominator by the highest common element (or number) in them, we get the fraction in its lowest form.

eg, To find the fraction 6/14 in lowest form Since '2' is highest common element in numerator 6 and denominator 14 so dividing them by 2, we get 3/7 Which is the lowest form of 6/14.

Equivalent Fractions:

If numerator and denominator of any fraction are multiplied by the same number then all resulting fractions are called equivalent fractions.

eg, 1/2, 2/4, 3/6, 4/8 all are equivalent fractions but 1/2 is the lowest form.


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